family values

In the article, the institution of women-marriage in Africa by Beth Greene, the institution of women marriage has been documented in approximately 40 pre-colonial African societies and has endured to the present in some cases. In Africa they have a practice wherein women could legally marry one or more women. In Africa they believe that women marriage deserves attention because the presence of this institution can be explained not only by structural demands but also by women’s access to status, rights and authority. After first providing a structural analysis of women marriage by considering the institution of women marriage as a form of positional succession. This article evaluates the relative power of female husbands and their wives by making a cultural comparison of the Fon of Benin, the Igbo of present-day Nigeria and the Lovedu (South Africa). The Fon, Igbo, and Lovedu, they all share certain principles of kin organization, they all practice polygynous marriage. The Fon and Lovedu followed rules of patilineal descent and patriotic residence, while the Igbo population was not unified in terms of descent and residence patterns, including matrilineal and patrilineal descent, matrilocal and patriotic residence, and dual descent . Marriage was an alliance of kin groups ritually and materially by bridewaelth payment which legalized the marriage and determined the paternity of the children. Basically, women marriage in Africa, gave some women advantages that normally accrued to men, and was form as a avenue for social mobility for the women in Africa who served as the wife as well as the husband.

According to David Bloom, Neil Bennett and Coale-McNeil in their Journal of the American Statistical Association, from now to the early 1970’s, the first marriages has declined substantially in the United States, this is the marriage rate of women at the age of 14 and older. In this article, they does state that this same pattern that has been not only a characteristic of women but a pattern for men as well. In this particular journal they believe that a different parameter model of age of women has a lot to do with marriage. Coale-McNeil did an experiment they used three independent data sets to explore the usefulness of marriage models to investigate the marriage patterns of American women. They believe that successive birth cohorts has a lot to do with American marriage patterns, another parameter is believed to be depended on social and economic variable such as education and race. The graph below show the first marriage rate (per thousand) from 1970-1987, this is the rate of women at the age of 15 and above.

Coale observed the differences in age at the first marriage across the female populations are largely accounted for in their standard deviations, their means and their values. In the competition of their experiment they found that the age at the first marriage has increased by 1.5 years across cohorts are mainly born between the early 1940’s and late 1950’s. Furthermore, the proportion of those that never marry has changed greatly over a period of time, much more than women at the age of 25-29 in 1985. In their experiment they also found that educational attainment has a positive association with the age when women first marry. In addition, race was found to be another large important correlation of a women tendency to marry. According to Coale-McNeil, in 1985, this is those who graduated from high school, only 80% of African American women at the age of 35-39 can be expected to marry compared to 92% of Caucasian women. As a result of their experiment, it has been suggested that the time series decline in the U.S. marriage rates that began in the early 1970’s is mainly associated with a growing tendency across cohorts to precede marriage and for those who do marry, to just marry at a later age because they are marrying at a young age and they don’t know the purpose of marriage;therefore, they should wait till a much older age.

The word marriage is such a strong word all by itself. However, this word unites two people together so that they could become as one. Marriage can be something beautiful but at the same time it can be very hard to maintain, in order to understand the purpose of marriage, one must know the meaning of the word marriage. what is marriage? Marriage is defined as a interpersonal relationship with governmental, social,or even religious recognition. The most frequent occurring form of marriage unites a man and a women as husband and wife. Marriage is difficult, with marriage comes so many other duties. It is different types of marriages: for an example, a normal marriage is when a men and a women form a union as husband and wife, then in some states they have more than one husband or wife which is also known as polygamy. And some states allow same sex marriages. A marriage is declared by a wedding ceremony, which may be performed by a religious officiant, a secular government sanctioned officiator or sometimes by a trusted friend that have legal documents to perform a wedding. Furthermore, through different experiences in life, many individuals develop a different definition as to what the true meaning of marriage really is. People get married for different reasons, it could be for money, children, religious, education, public declaration of love or even to obtain citizenship. But what is the true purpose of marriage? Many people really don’t know and many could careless because it’s something to do.

A)    Why They Kill Their Newborn

B)      Should We Change Our Minds About Infanticide

Steven Pinker                                                   Bruce Chapman

Summary:

Steven Pinker & Bruce Chapman

Pinker’s article claims that killing a newborn might be more justified that killing an older child for many reasons. He states that there is a line of parenthood that needs to be established. He compares two different cases were babies were murdered. The first was an 18 year old college couple that delivered their baby in a motel; they left the babies body in a dumpster. Second, he talks about another 18 year old who gave birth to a baby in the bathroom stall at her high school prom and then left him dead in a garbage can. Pinker believes that many young mothers may kill their newborn in fear of getting in trouble; they may see their babies as a burden. Most of the young mothers tend to be poor, young, married and isolated. Pinker finds it hard to believe that neonaticide is a mental illness due to the fact many cultures practice and accepts neonaticide. He feels that killing a baby is an immoral act of an individual state of mind, also known as a sickness. He then proceeds to say that people may try to understand what may cause a mother to kill her newborn baby; however, this does not necessarily mean that their mothers are forgiving for committing such an act. Pinker then proceed to make an assumption about the state of mind of new mothers and how many young mothers are immature because they may hope that their pregnancy will go away by itself. Pinker feels that there are three bad omens for being a mother, 1) is being young 2) begin single and 3) and a young mother who try and hid her pregnancy.

Chapman claims that many people change the meanings of words so that people’s opinions can be shifted and they would not even realize what have happened to them. Chapman is talking about babies being killed that are already born, not fetuses. He also claims that in this day in time, when a newborn child is killed it is still news; however, people tend to just move on to the next thing as if nothing really happened. He then talks about Pinker’s article and how he states that killing an offspring should be considered less harshly. Chapman feels that eventually, the when parents kill their newborn that their memory of that baby they killed dies and the living parent grows. Chapman makes a comparison how new mothers have always had a decision or choice between a tragedy now and maybe having an even greater tragedy month or years later. He feels that it is survival of the fittest baby.

Personally, I don’t agree with neither one of them because I believe that no human has the right to take away no life, rather it be a newborn, a fetuses or any child or human being. However; if I have to choose one I think I’m leaning on the side of Pinker only because I do believe a lot of his reasons as to why young mother kill their babies is do to fact that they are young, poor and unmarried. I don’t think that is right but this is what tend to happened to young mothers who aren’t ready to be a mother or they  are scared what people might think of them, but most of all they are afraid of what their parents, family and friends may say or think. Especially in a spiritual family, it is stated in the bible that if you are not married you should not have a kid and a lot of families abide by this rule; therefore, if a young get pregnant and her family is religious then that’s another reason why a young mother will kill her child, rather it be a fetuses or a child that was born. As a result, I don’t agree with neither but these reasons help me to lean more to Pinker’s article.  

 On the other hand, there are many people who don’t even believe that there is a God. Such as, atheist, they wouldn’t agree that there is a man upstairs (God) that wakes them every morning, they have no belief whatsoever, they just believe that they came from there mom or dad but there is no man upstairs. Atheist, most likely grew up in the environment where their parents never made them go to church because that is what their grandparents did to their parents. Most people practice what they are taught. My mother would make my older brother and sister and I go to church regardless if we wanted to or not, we were basically raised in a church environment which help make our beliefs even stronger being that that what we were taught to believe. Maybe it more of a do your own thing with atheist, maybe the parents don’t want to make discussion for their kids. Although children normally live what they learn, if growing up their parents never talked about how the universe was created, how humans came to earth or how we wake up every mornings. These are some questions kids may ask about, they may ask their parent and they gave them the answer that was taught to them as a child. As a child being in church the making of the universe was one of the first things that we  learned in going to church because of course every kid wants to know were they came from and how they were made and how was their parents made. I believe that is this is a position that one chooses to take then they are allowed to do so. Furthermore, no one can change my belief and really doubt that as an atheist, no one can change their belief on God. As a result, I believe it is all in what you were taught as a child. Eighteen year or longer of having a belief drilled into your head is long enough to keep a belief in your head and sticking to that belief without changing because the next person has a different belief. As for me, I really don’t care that the next person belief is different from mine, I believe that everyone is entitled to have a belief.

I believe that God…..Is Almighty 

Who is God? I believe that God is a person that no one has yet to see, he is a person that no one will see until after their number has been called to leave from this earth. Furthermore, I believe that God is the one that created the universe and everyone and every living thing that exist on this universe today. Being in church as a child has helped me realize who this man called God really is. As a little girl my mother has always keep my sister, my brother and myself in church. We had to go to Sunday school, church shut-ins and basically any event that was going on in church my mother saw to it that we were there. In church, we would read the bible and ask questions like we were in school. We had teachers and treats for being good and sticker and all that good stuff. As a result, my mom is the pastor and founder of a church called True Vine Church of Deliverance. My mother has been a pastor for eight years as of may of 2007. Now being in church I look back at the days when my mom first realized that she wanted to become a pastor, the church started in our new house in the basement, on Sunday’s the house would be so packed but everyone was there to praise God. This is when my sister and I first started playing musical instruments, we figured we needed music so I jump on our organ and my sister jump on the drums and we both began to bang, bang, bang and the sounds that was coming out was not a pleasant sound but we figured it was better than no music at all. From that point on my mother kept her church, although, she now has an actual building where her church is located. Even today and I am 24 years living with my oldest sister we still go to church faithfully. I sing in the choir, I play the piano and my sister and I are mentors for the youth at our church. It is not easy being young and mentoring young kids but we do it because we believe that God will bless us tremendously one day or another and besides kids now days need someone to look up to in order to stay out of trouble. I believe because as youth we learned so much about God that we have faith that he will supply our needs. I believe that God is almighty because he is the one that wakes us up every time we see a new day. Every day and every night we believe that we should pray to God and thank him for waking us up.

1. I believe that people……..need love
2. I believe that society…….is full of hate
3. I believe that the government…..should help even people that work
4. I believe that justice…….is never served
5. I believe that knowledge… is power
6. I believe that science…….is an experiment
7. I believe that reality…is a fantasy
8. I believe that life……comes after death
9. I believe that happiness…is being alive
10. I believe that goodness….comes from within
11. I believe that death…..is the beginning of life
12. I believe that God…..is almighty

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